WanlingsiChinese Underworld Atlas
Figures · NO. 036

King Dushi

都市王

The eighth court in this atlas's chosen sequence.

Eighth court · Ten KingsBuddhism and folk religion

The eighth court

King Dushi appears eighth in the sequence commonly associated with Yuli Baochao. His major hell is described through severe heat; some popular accounts use the image of a closed cauldron. Their moral emphasis includes conduct toward parents. These descriptions preserve the didactic concerns of their texts rather than a neutral account of the afterlife.

An order that changes

Dushi and King Pingdeng exchange eighth and ninth positions in some ritual and narrative texts. A different order is therefore not automatically a mistake. This atlas follows one familiar sequence and explicitly notes the alternative. The Ten Kings evolved through Chinese Buddhist texts, funeral observances, local temples, and popular morality books. Their royal dress and courtly surroundings make a common visual language, but the exact duties, titles, and personal associations of each king should be read within the version being used.

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