WanlingsiChinese Underworld Atlas
Figures · NO. 005

Horse-Face

马面

Standing beside Ox-Head between the two worlds.

Horse-headed warder · Soul escortChinese folk religion

Ox-Head's familiar companion

Horse-Face, or Ma Mian, is usually shown with a horse's head, a human body, and a spear. Alongside Ox-Head, he guards gates, escorts souls, and carries out underworld orders. Their statues commonly appear in City God temples and depictions of the courts of the dead. Their work resembles that of human bailiffs.

A Chinese pairing

Buddhist texts supplied several animal-headed or fierce beings that entered Chinese underworld imagery. Horse-Face's development into Ox-Head's permanent partner, however, belongs to the later Chinese reception of those traditions, rather than a universal Indian pair. The Shurangama Sutra's horse-headed rakshasas and later narratives are relevant to this history. A horse-headed hell attendant should not be confused with Hayagriva, a Buddhist protective deity. Literature, ritual images, and modern games often combine motifs more freely than the underlying religious texts.

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