Emperor Fengdu
A solemn sovereign of the northern shadow realm.
A Daoist ruler of the dead
Emperor Fengdu governs ghosts and affairs of the dead in Daoist traditions. Tao Hongjing's Zhenling Weiye Tu places the deity at Luofeng Mountain; the Zhengao describes its ghostly palaces. Later ritual traditions expanded the offices, generals, and procedures associated with this realm. Imperial robes and a crown give the deity the appearance of a sovereign.
Mythic mountain and earthly Fengdu
The northern Luofeng of Daoist cosmology must be distinguished from Fengdu in present-day Chongqing. Local legends, including tales of the immortals Yin Changsheng and Wang Fangping, helped connect the earthly mountain with the other world. Their surnames supplied a popular explanation of the phrase yin wang, or king of the shadows. This is a tradition about the connection, not proof that the cosmological mountain was originally in Chongqing. Hierarchies linking Fengdu, Dongyue, and the Ten Kings also vary.
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